values uses a case insensitive comparison, so erasing the equivalent key in keys_order also must do so.

Migrating `Common::CaseInsensitiveLess` to StringUtil.h will hopefully discourage rolling one's own solution in the future for case-insensitive associative containers when this (quite robust!) solution already exists.

`Common::CaseInsensitiveStringCompare::IsEqual` was removed in favor of using the `Common::CaseInsensitiveEquals` function.

The `a.size() != b.size()` condition in `Common::CaseInsensitiveEquals` can be removed, since `std::ranges::equal` already checks this condition (confirmed in libc++).

Gets this out of the global namespace and into the Common namespace

StripWhitespace maintains old behavior

SPDX standardizes how source code conveys its copyright and licensing
information. See https://spdx.github.io/spdx-spec/1-rationale/ . SPDX
tags are adopted in many large projects, including things like the Linux
kernel.